市面上流传的GRE阅读机经真题有三百多篇,同时又存在多种版本的答案和解析,有些疑难题目让考生不知道听谁的,还有些版本的解析像是用谷歌翻译把同题目和选项翻译了一下。TD GRE教研组认为,GRE阅读的解析,可以讲得再清楚一点。

GRE不光有技巧,不光有快速解题法,GRE更加考察大家的逻辑硬实力,文字理解实打实的深度。良好的GRE备考应当在课堂上向老师学习快速解题法,取同取反逻辑的同时,课下扎扎实实的读懂每一句话。读懂,是一切技巧使用的前提。皮之不存,毛将焉附?

有感于此,我们尝试用比较长的时间,原创一个解析,力求做到超详细,大白话,包你懂往期GRE阅读真题详细解析👉:GRE阅读Passage 解析,今天继续为大家推出GRE Passage 18(长阅读)解析,这篇阅读一共有19句话,带4道题,TD版超详细「包你懂」系列对此篇文章进行了清楚地解析。

GRE阅读Passage 18

Massive projectiles striking much larger bodies create various kinds of craters, including multi-ring basins–the largest geologic features observed on planets and moons. In such collisions, the impactor is completely destroyed, and its material is incorporated into the larger body. Collison’s between bodies of comparable size, on the other hand, have very different consequences: one or both bodies might be entirely smashed, with mass from one or both the bodies redistributed among new objects formed from the fragments. Such a titanic collision between Earth and a Mars-size impactor may have given rise to Earth’s Moon.

The Earth-Moon system has always been perplexing. Earth is the only one of the inner planets with a large satellite, the orbit of which is neither in the equatorial plane of Earth nor in the plane in which the other planets lie. The Moon’s mean density is much lower than that of Earth but is about the same as that of Earth’s mantle. This similarity in density has long prompted speculation that the Moon split away from a rapidly rotating Earth, but this idea founders on two observations. In order to spin off the Moon, Earth would have had to rotate so fast that a day would have lasted less than three hours. Science offers no plausible explanation of how it could have slowed to its current rotational rate from that speed. Moreover, the Moon’s composition, though similar to that of Earth’s mantle, is not a precise match. Theorizing a titanic collision eliminates postulating a too-rapidly spinning Earth and accounts for the Moon’s peculiar composition. In a titanic collision model, the bulk of the Moon would have formed from a combination of material from the impactor and Earth’s mantle. Most of the earthly component would have been in the form of melted or vaporized matter. The difficulty in recondensing this vapor in Earth’s orbit, and its subsequent loss to the vacuum of outer space, might account for the observed absence in lunar rocks of certain readily vaporized compounds and elements.

Unusual features of some other planets might also be explained by such impacts. Mercury is known to have a high density in comparison with other rocky planets. A titanic impact could have stripped away a portion of its rocky mantle, leaving behind a metallic core whose density is out of proportion with the original ratio of rock to metal. A massive, glancing blow to Venus might have given it its anomalously slow spin and reversed direction of rotation. Such conjectures are tempting, but, since no early planet was immune to titanic impacts, they could be used indiscriminately to explain away in a cavalier fashion every unusual planetary characteristic; still, we may now be beginning to discern the true role of titanic impacts in planetary history.

GRE文章解析

第一句和第二句话:

Massive projectiles striking much larger bodies create various kinds of craters, including multi-ring basins–the largest geologic features observed on planets and moons. In such collisions, the impactor is completely destroyed, and its material is incorporated into the larger body.

白话版讲解:

又大又重的抛射物(指小一点的天体)撞到比抛射物自己还大得多的天体上去,会在天体表面产生各种各样的陨石坑。其中有一种坑叫多环盆状坑。行星和卫星上有很多geologic features(比如冰川河,大峡谷等等),多环盆状坑是(科学家们)所观察到的最大的一种geologic feature。在小一点的天体撞击比自己大得多的天体的这种撞击中,小一点的(the impactor)会被完全毁掉,会被(被撞的)天体吃掉(is incorporated),也就是撞出一个大坑,陷到自己撞出来的这个大坑里去,就是被incorporated了。

同学们请注意文章使用了一般现在时,表示某种规律、总是会发生的事情。

第三和第四句话:

Collison’s between bodies of comparable size, on the other hand, have very different consequences: one or both bodies might be entirely smashed, with mass from one or both the bodies redistributed among new objects formed from the fragments. Such a titanic collision between Earth and a Mars-size impactor may have given rise to Earth’s Moon.

白话版讲解:

如果是撞别人的和被别人撞的,大小差不多,就会有很不一样的结果了。如果两者势均力敌,就不是大的吃掉小的,而是其中一个被完全撞碎或两个都被完全撞碎,然后碎片重组成其他新的天体。地球的卫星(即月球)可能就是在一次这种势均力敌的大碰撞后产生的。一个和火星差不多大的天体撞地球,然后地球没粉碎(撞飞了一块),那个天体碎了,然后就形成了月球。

补充说明:

这里可以出一道简单的推断题,问根据文章,Earth和Mars的sizes之间的关系是什么?

A:Earth比Mars大很多

B:Mars比Earth大很多

C:Mars and Earth have comparable size

推理过程:

根据文章,Earth和Mars-size impactor的size是comparable的,所以可以推出Earth和Mars的sizes也是差距不大的。所以选C。

第五和第六句话:

The Earth-Moon system has always been perplexing. Earth is the only one of the inner planets with a large satellite, the orbit of which is neither in the equatorial plane of Earth nor in the plane in which the other planets lie.

白话版讲解:

在所有planets里面,有些planets属于inner planets,Earth也属于。这些inner planets里面,只有Earth是带一个大卫星(即月球)的。而且啊,这个月球绕地球转的轨道所处的平面,跟它所绕的Earth的赤道平面还不是同一个平面,跟其他几个planets的平面,也不是同一个平面。为什么地球会带一个卫星,这个问题是让人困惑、搞不明白的。

第七和第八句话:

The Moon’s mean density is much lower than that of Earth but is about the same as that of Earth’s mantle. This similarity in density has long prompted speculation that the Moon split away from a rapidly rotating Earth, but this idea founders on two observations.

白话版讲解:

另外还有一个事,就是月球的平均密度比地球平均密度低,但是和地球的mantle部分的平均密度是差不多一样的。所以呢,长时间以来,这种密度的近似一直引发有人提出一个猜想,就是月球原来就是地球的mantle的一部分,然后地球自转的时候转得太快了,把自己的mantle的一部分给甩出去了。但是这种关于“月球是怎样形成的”的理论解释,在两个观测结果上,垮掉了(解释说不通了)。

补充说明:

也许有同学觉得mantle这个单词很简单,是“地幔”的意思。但这里我们不需要知道mantle是什么意思,只需要明白mantle是地球比较靠外的部分就可以(因为靠里面的部分甩不出去)。

founder是一个不及物动词,意思是“计划或事业等失败;垮掉”(fail or break down, typically as a result of a particular problem or setback)

第九、十、十一句话:

In order to spin off the Moon, Earth would have had to rotate so fast that a day would have lasted less than three hours. Science offers no plausible explanation of how it could have slowed to its current rotational rate from that speed. Moreover, the Moon’s composition, though similar to that of Earth’s mantle, is not a precise match.

白话版讲解:

第一个让甩出论垮掉的observation是:

如果月球真的是地球自转太快把自己的mantle的一部分甩出去而形成的,那它当时的自转速度要非常高才行(高到什么程度,高到那时候的地球是3小时就过去一天,即3小时自转一圈)。而现在地球是24小时自转一圈。也就是说,把月球甩出去那时候的自转速度是现在的8倍。但是科学家们认为,从那么快的速度降到现在的速度,降不下来。所以那时候不可能那么快。

第二个让甩出论垮掉的observation是:

月球密度虽然和地球的mantle的密度产不多,但月球的物质组成结构,和地球mantle不是完全一样。(如果确实甩出去的,两者应该是precise match,但实际不是,所以不是甩出去的)

第十二、十三、十四、十五句话:

Theorizing a titanic collision eliminates postulating a too-rapidly spinning Earth and accounts for the Moon’s peculiar composition. In a titanic collision model, the bulk of the Moon would have formed from a combination of material from the impactor and Earth’s mantle. Most of the earthly component would have been in the form of melted or vaporized matter. The difficulty in recondensing this vapor in Earth’s orbit, and its subsequent loss to the vacuum of outer space, might account for the observed absence in lunar rocks of certain readily vaporized compounds and elements.

白话版讲解:

“月球是地球自转甩出来的”这个理论,必须要postulate地球转得非常快。这样postulate是不靠谱的。提出另外一种理论,就可以避免去这样postulate。什么理论呢,就是曾经有一个和地球差不多大的天体和地球发生了以上说的第二种碰撞,碰撞的结果是那个撞地球的天体粉碎了,地球也被撞得很厉害,地球的mantle部分被撞飞了一大块,这一大块mantle和那个天体的碎片合在一起,形成了月球(这样也就可以解释为什么月球的物质组成结构和地球的mantle部分不是完全一样了)。我们可以把在这个理论简称为“月球是撞出来的”理论。另外又有一个事实,就是科学家们发现月球上的岩石的成分是不含易蒸发的化合物和元素的,“月球是撞出来的”理论就可以解释这个事实。碰撞发生以后,那个撞地球的天体的碎片残渣和部分地球残渣合在一起,在今天月球轨道上凝结成固体,形成了月球。而在被撞出来的地球残渣中,大部分易蒸发的化合物和元素当时都是处于融化或汽化的状态,很难凝结,于是这些化合物和元素就散播到真空中去了,跑掉了,所以月球上就没这些东西,现在月球上岩石里也就不存在易蒸发的合物和元素。

这里补充说一下postulate和theorize两个单词的不同。

postulate的意思是假定某个事情为真,然后以此为基础进行推理。其近义词是assume。

theorize的意思是提出理论假说,解释某个事情。其近义词是hypothesize。

第十六、十七、十八句话:

Unusual features of some other planets might also be explained by such impacts. Mercury is known to have a high density in comparison with other rocky planets. A titanic impact could have stripped away a portion of its rocky mantle, leaving behind a metallic core whose density is out of proportion with the original ratio of rock to metal. A massive, glancing blow to Venus might have given it its anomalously slow spin and reversed direction of rotation.

白话版讲解:

地球有个月球,这一点在行星里是unusual的;别的行星也有些unusual的特点,也是比较难解释的。比如水星,它属于rocky planets,但是其他几个rocky planets的密度不是很高,唯独这个水星的密度非常高。用“和水星差不多大的天体撞过一次水星”这个理论,就可以解释水星的密度为什么这么高。有一个天体撞了水星,那一撞把水星密度低的mantle部分都撞飞了,剩下的大都是以金属为主的core部分了。这就解释通了。再比如金星,它也有一个unusual之处,就是它的自转速度异常地慢,而且转的方向和别的planets是反的。用“和金星差不多大的天体撞过一次金星”这个理论,就可以解释这一点。有一个天体给了金星一个glancing blow,导致金星反着转、转速慢。

glance是动词,意思是“偏斜地击中某物而斜弹开来”(hit something at an angle and bounce off obliquely),在文章中的意思就是说有一个天体斜擦着撞了一下金星,然后金星就反方向转了。

请注意,我们一般都是不知道glance的这个意思的,但是我们可以根据上下文推测出glancing blow和strike的意思接近,是strike或collision的一种。

第十九句话:

Such conjectures are tempting, but, since no early planet was immune to titanic impacts, they could be used indiscriminately to explain away in a cavalier fashion every unusual planetary characteristic; still, we may now be beginning to discern the true role of titanic impacts in planetary history.

白话版讲解:

这样的conjecture好像很管用啊,碰到哪个行星有我们解释不了的特征,就可以说这是它被天体撞过一次导致的,因为早期的行星确实都可能被天体撞。但是要注意,这种不加区分,随随便便就搬出来“天体撞行星”理论的做法,不好。不过,话又说回来,我们至少开始注意到、识别“和行星产不多大的天体撞了行星”这种事在行星发展史的真实作用了,这也蛮好。

题目解析

1. According to the passage, which of the following is true of the collisions mentioned in the highlighted sentence?

A. They occur less frequently than do titanic collisions.

B. They occur between bodies of comparable size.

C. They occur primarily between planet-sized bodies.

D. They result in the complete destruction of the impacting body.

E. They result in mass being redistributed among newly formed objects.

白话版讲解:

关于突出显示的那句话中提到的那种碰撞,下列哪一说法是符合文章内容的?

首先找到,突出显示的那句话是文章第一句话,这句话中提到的碰撞是小天体撞比自己大得多的天体那种碰撞。

文章没有比较两种collision发生的频率,所以A错误。

因为是小的撞大的,所以B错。

因为文章并没有说是非要是planet-sized的天体,所以C错。

会导致撞别人的那个天体(小的那个)完全毁灭。符合文章第二句话,所以D选项正确。

2. The author of the passage asserts which of the following about titanic collision models?

A. Such models are conclusive with respect to certain anomalies within the solar system, but leave numerous other anomalies unexplained.

B. Such models are more likely than are earlier models to account for the formation of multi- ring basins.

C. Such models may be particularly useful in explaining what happens when the impacting bodies involved are of highly dissimilar mean densities.

D. Such models have been tested to such a degree that they are quickly reaching the point where they can be considered definitive.

E. Such models are so tempting that they run the risk of being used indiscriminately to explain unusual planetary features.

白话版讲解:

第二题是问关于“撞别人的和被别人撞的,大小差不多”那种碰撞的理论。

A说这种理论在解释一些异常现象时令人信服,但还有其他大量异常现象无法解释。文章只是说可以解释一些异常现象,没有说conclusive,也没有说还有大量异常现象无法解释。所以A选项错误。

B选项张冠李戴了,撞出一个大坑来的collision是“小一点的天体撞击比自己大得多的天体”才会出现的。

C提到两个天体在相撞前的平均密度不同,这是文章没有提到的,所以C选项错误。

D说已经被验证,可以说是确定无疑(能成立)了。文章没有说这种理论被验证了。所以D选项错误。

E选项可以对应文章第十九句话(即最后一句话),这句话中的indiscriminately和in a cavalier fashion可以看出作者是在表达略微负面的看法,所以可以对应E选项中的run the risk of……。

3. The passage suggests that which of the following is true of the cited compounds and elements?

A. They were created by reactions that took place during a titanic collision.

B. They were supplied by an impactor that collided with Earth.

C. They were once present on the Moon but were subsequently vaporized.

D. They are rarely found on planet-size bodies in our solar system.

E. They are present on Earth but not on the Moon.

白话版讲解:

首先找到文章提到“化合物和元素”是第十四句话,是指一些易蒸发的化合物和元素。

不是碰撞后发生反应才造出来的,是地球上本来就有的,是被撞飞出来的。所以A错误。

本来是地球上的,不是impactor上的,所以B错误。

形成月球时,就没有留住,就跑到真空中去了,所以从来就没有在月球上存在过。所以C错误。

别的天体上有没有这种化合物和元素,文章没有提到。所以D错误。

E选项可以对应第十五句话中的“absence in lunar rocks of certain readily vaporized compounds and elements.”所以E选项正确。

4. In the second paragraph, the author is primarily concerned with

A. arguing in favor of a particular theory about the formation of the Earth-Moon system.

B. summarizing conventional theories about the formation of the earth-Moon system.

C. anticipating and responding to criticisms of a particular theory about the formation of the Earth-Moon system.

D. explaining why the Earth-Moon system is considered scientifically perplexing.

E. questioning an assumption underlying one theory about the formation of the Earth-Moon system.

白话版讲解:

实际是问第二自然段的修辞功能。

根据我们前面对文章的解析,我们知道,第二自然段先介绍了“月球是地球自转太快甩出来”的理论,然后说了这个理论有什么缺陷,然后介绍一种新的理论,即“月球是撞出来的”理论,然后说了这个理论可以解释一些“甩出来”理论解释不了的事,所以作者在这一自然段的态度是赞成第二种理论的。所以选A。

B概括介绍几种关于“地月系统是怎样形成的”的传统理论。这个选项有两个地方不对,一是第二种理论不是conventional的,二是作者不是在中立地介绍多种理论,而是主要说了第二种理论更有解释力。所以B选项错误。

C预测对一种理论会提出怎样的一些批评,并给予回应。

如果这一自然段是说,“我就知道你们要说月球不是甩出来的,因为月球不可能转那么快啊,我来告诉你们,其实是可能的”,就选C。但可惜不是,所以不选C。

D解释为什么地月系统从科学上来说为什么令人困惑。

这一自然段开头第一句话确实讲了地月系统为什么perplexing,但这不是这一自然段的核心内容。所以不选D。

E对一种关于“地月系统是怎样形成的”的理论成立所依赖的一个前设提出质疑。

如果这一自然段是说,“你们说月球是地球自转太快甩出来的,那你们这个理论有一个assumption,就是在很久以前,地球和现在一样,也是在自转的。我现在告诉你们,你们的这个assumption错了啊,因为其实在很久以前,地球是根本不自转的。怎么可能甩出什么月球来嘛”,就选E,但可惜不是,所以不选E。

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