托福听力背景知识-Realism现实主义特点及各领域代表人物

提到Realism，很多同学都不陌生。现实主义是托福听力考试中的常见话题，但是由于它所涉及的范围较广（其中包括绘画、文学、戏剧表演等），而很多同学又不是很了解现实主义的特点以及各领域代表人物。所以，为了帮助同学们减轻听力做题时的压力，今天我们就来展开现实主义的相关背景知识。

何为现实主义？

Realism, in the arts, the accurate, detailed, unembellished depiction of nature or of contemporary life. Realism rejects imaginative idealization in favor of a close observation of outward appearances. As such, realism in its broad sense has comprised many artistic currents in different civilizations. In the visual arts, for example, realism can be found in ancient Hellenistic Greek sculptures accurately portraying boxers and decrepit old women. The works of such 17th-century painters as Caravaggio, the Dutch genre painters, the Spanish painters José de Ribera, Diego Velázquez, and Francisco de Zurbarán, and the Le Nain brothers in France are realist in approach. The works of the 18th-century English novelists Daniel Defoe, Henry Fielding, and Tobias Smollett may also be called realistic.

在艺术中，现实主义是对自然或当代生活的准确、详细、不加修饰的描绘。现实主义拒绝想象的理想化，而倾向于密切观察外表。因此，广义的现实主义包含了不同文明中的许多艺术潮流。例如，在视觉艺术中，现实主义可以在古希腊化的希腊雕塑上被体现出来，这些雕塑准确地描绘了拳击手和衰老的老妇人。

卡拉瓦乔、荷兰流派画家、西班牙画家何塞·德·里贝拉、迭戈·贝拉斯克斯、弗朗西斯科·德·祖巴兰以及法国勒奈兄弟等17世纪画家的作品都属于现实主义。而18世纪英国小说家丹尼尔·笛福、亨利·菲尔丁和托比亚斯·斯莫列特的作品也可以被称为现实主义作品。

现实主义作品的三大特点

听力考试中，讲座有一类常见的结构——定义式结构。什么是定义式结构？简单来说，就是这篇lecture是在围绕一个事物或对象，进行展开介绍。这篇文章既不是在研究解决某项专业问题，也不是在比较不同事物间的差别或相似性，这样的文章结构，我们通常称其为定义式结构。

而在定义式结构中，同学们要知道的一个重要考点，就是该描述对象的特征feature。

所以，了解现实主义作品的特点，对于同学们而言，也是要前期做好的铺垫工作。

特征一是细节的真实性。要有真实的细节描写，用历史的、具体的人生图画来反映社会生活。现实主义作品是以形象的现实性和具体性来感染人的，因此能使读者观众如入其境。

特征二是形象的典型性。通过典型的方法，对现实的生活素材进行选择、提炼、概括，从而深刻地揭示生活的某些本质特征。可以说，典型化是现实主义的核心，是区别于自然主义的标志。

特征三是具体描写方式的客观性。作者要通过对现实生活的客观，具体的描写，从作品的场面和情节中自然地体现出作者的思想倾向和爱憎感情，而不要作者自己或借人物之口特别地说出来。

现实主义在不同领域的体现

1. Painting

Realism was a distinct current in 20th-century art and usually stemmed either from artists’ desire to present more honest, searching, and unidealized views of everyday life or from their attempts to use art as a vehicle for social and political criticism. The rough, sketchy, almost journalistic scenes of seamy urban life by the group of American painters known as The Eight fall into the former category. The German art movement known as the Neue Sachlichkeit (New Objectivity), on the other hand, worked in a realist style to express the cynicism and disillusionment of the post-World War I period in Germany. The Depression-era movement known as Social Realism adopted a similarly harsh and direct realism in its depictions of the injustices and evils of American society during that period.

现实主义是20世纪艺术中一股独特的潮流，它通常源于艺术家们对日常生活提出更真实、更深入、更不理想的看法的愿望，或者源于他们试图将艺术作为社会和政治批评的工具。被称为“八大画家”的一群美国画家所描绘的城市生活的粗糙、粗略、近乎新闻化的场景属于前一类。

另一方面，被称为Neue Sachlichkeit（新客观性）的德国艺术运动以现实主义风格表达了德国第一次世界大战后的玩世不恭和幻灭。被称为社会现实主义的大萧条时期的运动，在描述这一时期美国社会的不公正和罪恶时采用了类似的严酷和直接的现实主义。

👉 代表人物

Gustave Courbet was the first artist to self-consciously proclaim and practice the realist aesthetic. Courbet was strongly opposed to idealization in his art, and he urged other artists to instead make the commonplace and contemporary the focus of their art. He viewed the frank portrayal of scenes from everyday life as a truly democratic art. Such paintings as his Burial at Ornans (1849) and the Stone Breakers (1849), which he had exhibited in the Salon of 1850–51, had already shocked the public and critics by the frank and unadorned factuality with which they depicted humble peasants and labourers. The fact that Courbet did not glorify his peasants but presented them boldly and starkly created a violent reaction in the art world.

古斯塔夫·库尔贝是第一位自觉宣扬和实践现实主义美学的艺术家。库尔贝强烈反对他的艺术中的理想化，他敦促其他艺术家将平凡和当代作为他们艺术的焦点。他认为，对日常生活场景的坦率描绘是一门真正民主的艺术。

他在1850年至1851年的沙龙上展出的《奥尔南的葬礼》（1849年）和《石破天惊》（1849年）等绘画作品让公众和批评家们震惊，因为这些作品以坦率和朴实的真实性描绘了贫苦的农民和工人。库尔贝并没有美化农民，而是大胆而直率地将他们展现出来，这一做法在艺术界引起了强烈的反响。

Gustave Courbet古斯塔夫·库尔贝

《奥尔南的葬礼》

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2. Novel

In literature, the novelist Honoréde Balzac was the chief precursor of realism, given his attempt to create a detailed, encyclopaedic portrait of the whole range of French society in his La Comédie humaine. But a conscious program of literary realism did not appear until the 1850s, and then it was inspired by the painter Courbet’s aesthetic stance. The French journalist Champfleury, who had popularized Courbet’s painting style, transferred the latter’s theories to literature in Le Réalisme (1857). In this influential critical manifesto Champfleury asserted that the hero of a novel should be an ordinary man rather than an exceptional figure. Flaubert’s L’Éducation sentimentale (1870), with its presentation of a vast panorama of France under Louis-Philippe, was another principal realist work. The brothers Jules and Edmond Goncourt were also important realist writers. In their masterpiece, Germinie Lacerteux (1864), and in other works they covered a variety of social and occupational milieus and frankly described social relations among both the upper and the lower classes.

文学方面，小说家巴尔扎克（Honoréde Balzac）是现实主义的主要先驱，他试图在他的小说《胡曼之歌》（La Comédie humaine）中对整个法国社会进行详尽、百科全书式的描绘。但直到19世纪50年代才出现有意识形态的现实主义文学，当时它受到画家库尔贝美学立场的启发。而法国记者尚普弗勒里推广了库尔贝的绘画风格，并将后者的理论运用到了《阿里斯梅》（1857）的文学中。在这部颇具影响力的批判性宣言中，尚普勒里断言小说中的英雄应该是普通人而不是杰出人物。

福楼拜的《教育感伤》（1870）是另一部主要的现实主义作品，它描绘了路易·菲利普治下的法国全景。朱尔斯和爱德蒙·冈考特兄弟也是重要的现实主义作家。在他们的杰作《杰米尼·拉塞托》（1864）和其他作品中，他们涵盖了各种社会和职业环境，并坦率地描述了上层和下层社会阶层之间的关系。

巴尔扎克

福楼拜

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3. Theatre

Realism in the theatre was a general movement in the later 19th century that steered theatrical texts and performances toward greater fidelity to real life. The realist dramatists Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg in Scandinavia and Anton Chekhov and Maxim Gorky in Russia, among others, rejected the complex and artificial plotting of the well-made play and instead treated themes and conflicts belonging to a real, contemporary society. They dispensed with poetic language and extravagant diction, instead using action and dialogue that looked and sounded like everyday behaviour and speech. Realism had no use for the declamatory delivery and the overblown virtuosity of past acting and replaced this style with one demanding natural movements, gestures, and speech. Realist drama also used stage settings that accurately reproduced ordinary surroundings.

现实主义戏剧是19世纪后期的一个普遍运动，它引导戏剧文本和表演更加忠实于现实生活。斯堪的纳维亚半岛的现实主义剧作家易卜生（Henrik Ibsen）和奥古斯特·斯特林堡（August Strindberg），以及俄罗斯的契诃夫（Anton Chekhov）和高尔基（Maxim Gorky）等人，都拒绝对这部精心制作的戏剧进行复杂和人为的策划，而是处理属于真实当代社会的主题和冲突。

他们不再使用诗意的语言和夸张的措辞，而是使用看起来和听起来都像日常行为和言语的行动和对话。现实主义对过去表演中的夸张表达和夸张技巧毫无用处，取而代之的是要求自然动作、手势和语言的风格。现实主义戏剧也使用舞台设置，准确地再现了普通的环境。