托福听力想要拿高分，“并列结构”题型一定要攻克！-托福听力备考方法指导

相信很多同学都听说过听力结构很重要，但苦于做题的你们，真的了解听力结构为什么重要吗？真的知道听力结构对于我们的答题的直接作用吗？今天我们就来聊一聊听力结构大家一定要知道的事。

托福听力有一些常见的结构，如并列，举例，对比，顺序，过程等。很多同学会经常在并列结构上遇到比较大的问题，比如抓不到并列的信号词，导致双选题没做出来；或者有的同学抓到并列词，但只关注了并列对象，完全没注意到关于并列对象说了什么特点，导致比较型题目丢了分。

并列的信号词相信大家都有了解过，比如also, in addition, on the other hand等，当听到这些词，同学们一定要在笔记上标记好1和2，帮助大家区分并列的对象。所以相信大家只要注意，就可以识别出并列。

但并列中的比较题型并不仅仅是并列信号词和并列对象的问题，它还要求同学们听懂并列对象的特点，是一个有一定难度的题目。我们今天先就并列结构中的比较型题目展开讲解，帮助大家又快又准的做对这种题目。

大家有没有见过下面的这几种问题？

What is the difference between X and Y?

What does X and Y have in common?

做过不少练习的你们一定已经想到过自己曾经做过的题了，这两种问题也是典型比较型题目，是并列结构经常会出的题。这种题的难度相对较高，对我们的理解也有更高的要求。针对这种较难的题目，我们根据音频中的几种不同的表现形式，可以梳理对应的解题方法。

有提示的并列比较

有提示的并列比较相对比较简单，音频中会说“X和Y是不同 or 相同的：X是…样子；and, Y是…样子”。所以differ/ difference 或者 similar /similarity/same这类词会先出现在音频中，紧接着会分别描述两者的不同或者相似之处。

当听到类似difference/similar的词出现时，它们实际要表达的是：“前方出题预警”。后面具体去听不同/相同之处就好。

43L4-2音频👇

题目

What is one difference between radio waves and sound waves that the professor emphasizes?

A. Radio waves have a lower frequency.

B. Water stops radio waves from spreading but does not stop sound waves

C. Unlike sound waves, radio waves can travel outside Earth’s atmosphere.

D. Naturally occurring radio waves are difficult to detect on Earth at night.

文本

Are you going to talk all about the differences between radio waves and sound waves?

Professor: Um. Ok, that might be a good place to start actually. Sound waves are mechanical in nature, right? Um they can only originate and spread in places where there’s some dense physical medium, like the atmosphere or water. Um, they result from changes in pressure in that medium, like changes in air pressure. So they can’t travel through a vacuum where there is no dense physical medium, which is why they can’t travel through interplanetary space. Radio waves, on the other hand, are fundamentally different from sound waves. They are electromagnetic. They result from oscillations of the electromagnetic field and don’t need a physical medium. So they like other types of electromagnetic wave, can travel basically anywhere, through a vacuum, or through atmosphere or water.

在这个节选里，就是学生先问radio和sound有什么不同，老师用并列的结构分别解释了radio waves和sound waves是什么样子。differences是一个非常有用提示，告诉我们在后面重点去听不同之处就可以，它实际是提前给我们划好了听音的重点。

但也并不是所有的并列都会直接告诉我们要考比较，我们只是听到another, also等并列信号词，并没有有different/similar等比较的词，但是题目依然可以出比较型题目。

无提示的并列比较

当然，想要拿到这一分，是有方法的。关键就是要知道，并列都可以在哪里设置问题，也就是我们的出题点。通常来讲，我们要注意并列的双方和各自特点。比如，音频可能会说：商业成功有两个方法，A是个体用户争夺，通过广告吸引个体用户；B是团体用户制胜，通过广告吸引团体用户。

如果我们在听的时候既注意了AB两种方法叫什么，也注意了方法的具体内容是什么，那么不管出的是双选题，还是比较型题目，我们都能拿下。

14L3-5音频👇

题目

1. What did the technique using zenith stars have in common with the technique using star pairs?

A．Both could help identify a location relative to the equator.

B．Both seem to have been used to determine the positioning of stone canoes.

C．Both were first developed by the Vikings.

D．Both were used as calendars to help keep track of the seasons.

文本

One important way the Polynesians had for orienting themselves was by using zenith stars. A zenith star was a really bright star that would pass directly overhead at particular latitude…at a particular distance from the equator, often at a latitude associate with some particular pacific island. So the Polynesians could estimate their latitude just by looking straight up, by observing whether a certain zenith star passed directly overhead at night, they’d know if they have rates the same latitude as a particular island they were trying to get to.

Um, another technique used by the Polynesians was to look for a star pair, that’s two stars that rise at the same time, or set at the same time, and navigators could use these pairs of stars as reference points, because they rise or set together only at specific latitudes. So navigators might see one star pair setting together. And, uh…would know how far north or south of the equator they were. And if they kept on going, and the next night they saw the pairs of stars setting separately, then they would know that they were at a different degree of latitude. So looking at rising and setting star pairs is a good technique.

在这段音频里，我们先听到one important way这个信号，这其实是一个提示并列的强信号词，它后面一定会出现表示第二点的信号词，如also, second, another等，所以这时候，我们笔记一定要写1和2提示我们出现了并列。

这里第一个方式讲的是zenith stars 是通过一颗明亮的星星确定纬度位置，第二个方式讲的通过一对星星确认纬度位置，所以，我们不仅要知道并列双方是zenith stars & star pair，还要知道双方各自的内容（即通过星星确定纬度位置），这样才能准确的把题目答好。