上次分享，我们重点讲解了并列逻辑在托福听力中的应用。本次，我们会继续针对托福听力中常见的四大核心逻辑展开，介绍对比逻辑的出题以及攻克思路，希望能够帮助到大家。
对比逻辑
对比逻辑是什么？
听力中常见的比较关系有两种，一种是对比，不同有什么；一种是类比，像什么一样。类比今天我们就不展开讲解了，绝大多数类比在托福听力中是不考细节题目的，一般考取方法都是目的题目。这点在后续考点讲解中，老师会慢慢展开。
今天，我们重点分析一下对比考点的出题方法。对于对比，听力中更强调的是不同，我们那么如果听力中听不到非常明显的but，however，difference这类信号词，难道就不是对比逻辑了吗？其实，并不然。我们核心的判断方法应该是大家听取的信息是否进行了不同点比较。
失分原因剖析
在托福听力中，对比考点的考察，一般会出现1到3个不同点。因此考官会针对不同特点出题，四选一，四选二题目最为常见。另外，也有可能会考察到王炸型的题目，表格题。这很容易理解，不同信息比较多，那么考官就可以根据情况，适当调整题型，以及控制题目的难易程度。
那么，针对对比考点，同学们失分的原因有哪些呢？
其一，有些同学对这种考点不够敏感，没有明显的but 和however就觉得没有听到对比关系。
其二，还有些同学单词句子能力薄弱，听到这里有一个对比不同信息，但是没有听懂。
其三，容易混淆，即没有在笔记中区分清楚对比双方以及其对应的不同特点，看到选项就容易区分不清楚如何对应出题。
其四，有些对比的题目选项需要我们在做题过程中做适当的推理，有些同学可能并不知道如何推理。
攻克方法
如何解决以上问题呢？
👉1.熟练掌握对比考点的相关信号词。
信号词有三类：
1）一类表示对比关系的词类，比如是“unlike, in contrast to, differently, differ, on the other hand, instead, but，however，in contrast，difference”等。
2）第二类是会提到“typically，classical，traditional”等，后边一般会讲现在怎么样。其实就是那传统、古典和现在的事实对比。
3）还有一类是要通过信息去判断，比如提到2个事物，2个时间，2个地点，基本就是要对比了。比如提到城市和乡村，提到2类人等，基本就会讲区别。
👉2.积累单词，尤其是学科词汇。
同学们很多听不懂或者理解有难度的词汇，或者选项分析对照不太好的词汇，大部分都属于学科类的词汇。所以建议大家，尽量每天抽时间过单词，先过核心词汇，然后过学科词汇。同时，学习的中后期，也要进行适当分学科做题。通过学科题目，加深对学科词汇的理解。
如何推理呢？
推理的时候要注意一个原则，一定与原文有对照关系。我们拿到选项后，只要根据自己听到的内容可以对照，就是对的。比如，听力中提到小明1.7米，小红1.6米。我们就可以推小明比小红高，那么就可以选择对应的选项。
习题演练
👉例题1:听音频，答题。
What does the professor identify as aspects of traditional play? [choose two answers]
A. Characters each have their own motivation.
B. A plot is developed.
C. The play consists of several acts.
D. Actors ignore the audience.
这道题选什么呢？
答案：B D
原文：
So now let’s take a look at how Dadaist ideas represented to audiences in highly unconventional…well…I am not even sure how to categorize these theatrical events. I suppose you just have to call them shows. These shows started in Zurich in a place called the Cabaret Voltaire.
The rejection of classicalwestern art, well, you see this in the nature of what took place at the Cabaret Voltaire. They didn’t put on plays or operas there. What they did was throw out all conventions. They mixed everything and anything together. They would…it might start with somebody reading a poem. Then somebody else playing an instrument, followed by a display of paintings, followed by somebody else chanting, followed by somebody else banging on a big drum, and someone dressed in a robot costume jumping up and down. So it’s not like a play. There’s no real plot development here like you’d find in the traditional theatrical performance.
The performers at the Cabaret Voltaire would also get the audience involved, which was extremely unusual. Think about a traditional play. The action’s self-contained. The actors act as if there is no one watching, right? It’s like a world unto itself. Well, at the Cabaret Voltaire, audience members could get up on stage and dance, or chant, or shout and sing from their seats.
And every night would be different, because there would be a different audience and a different set of acts and displays. So all these could get pretty chaotic. No barriers between the performers and the audience, and no barriers between kinds of art either. Think about it: poetry, paintings, music, dance…all on the same stage and often at the same time!
This is what the Dadaists had in mind. When they set out to make art that reflected their own idea of reality, it didn’t make sense. But why should it!
解析：
首先我们拿到一段听力音频，要先梳理清楚结构，比如本段主要就是介绍在Cabaret Voltaire中表演的dada戏剧的特点。接下来，我们就逐条把其特点梳理清楚就好了。
通过“Unconventional”，“rejection of classicalwestern art”，“traditional”等词，我们可以确定是对比传统戏剧和dada戏剧的不同特点。
根据“So it’s not like a play. There’s no real plot development here like you’d find in the traditional theatrical performance”，可以得知传统戏剧是情节充沛的，对应答案B。“Think about a traditional play. The action’s self-contained. The actors act as if there is no one watching, right? It’s like a world unto itself.”可以对应答案D。
👉例题2：听音频，答题。
What does the professor imply about literature in the United States prior to The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn?
A. It did not yet have a distinct American style.
B. Very few books were published.
C. Romanticism and realism had started to combine.
D. British authors were using realism more than American authors were
这道题选什么呢？
答案：A
对应原文：
But if we are talking about great literature, literature that’s read and enjoyed today as something more than just a way of looking at that era, the era when that was written. Well, a favorite of mine is Mark Twain. I’m sure you have read and heard of his most famous book, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. And Twain’s style, he goes back to what I said earlier, verisimilitude, the realistic way characters act and talk. You should realize too that this was quite a contrast to earlier writers in the U.S., who try to emulate British writers, try to be very elegant, at the expense of Realism. You know, a lot of critics will tell you that American literature began with that book, The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn.
解析：
1.信号词“quite a contrast”，比较对比不同， “to earlier writers”可以得知是和其他艺术家比较。
2.根据原文“You should realize too that this was quite a contrast to earlier writers in the U.S”可以得知拿Twain跟早期其他的艺术家进行比较。早期艺术家效仿英国小说家，没有自己的风格。而马克吐温真正有了美国特征。
3.根据听力马克吐温有了美国特征，早期其他艺术家和他不一样，可以推理得知早期艺术家没有美国风格。对应答案A。
总结
1.对比考点听取的重点一定是不同特点。
2.听音频同时可以借助笔记记录两者不同。
3.做题的时候有些题目可以做适当推理。
本文作者
TD福利 & 领取方式
本次老师主要介绍了并列逻辑的难点和攻克方法。想要进一步进行并列考点练习的同学，可以参考《听力考点之对比》这份资料。有需要的同学可以发送暗号【对比】联系马甲获取哦！
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